
Enlightened reform and benevolent despotism.Further rise of Prussia and the Hohenzollerns.The contest between Prussia and Austria.The consolidation of Brandenburg-Prussia and Austria.Territorial states in the age of absolutism.The Thirty Years’ War and the Peace of Westphalia.
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Religious war and the Peace of Augsburg.Lutheran church organization and confessionalization.Imperial election of 1519 and the Diet of Worms.German society, economy, and culture in the 14th and 15th centuries.Developments in the individual states to about 1500.Internal strife among cities and princes.The continued ascendancy of the princes.Constitutional conflicts in the 14th century.The growth of territorialism under the princes.


Germany and the Hohenstaufen, 1125–1250.The Salians, the papacy, and the princes, 1024–1125.The Ottonian conquest of Italy and the imperial crown.

